Purpose: The aim of this study was to compare higher-order aberrations between personalized TREATMENT (PT) versus personalized TREATMENT advanced (PTA) photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) for myopia and myopic astigmatism.Methods: In this clinical trial, 80 eyes of 40 patients who met inclusion criteria were enrolled. They underwent PRK using PT or PTA algorithm randomly. Higher-order aberrations were measured and compared between the study groups pre-operatively and at months 3 and 6 postoperatively.Results: The two study groups were comparable in terms of preoperative higher-order aberrations.Compared to the preoperative values, higher-order aberrations were significantly increased in the PT group (p<0.001), but decreased in the PTA group (p<0.001). Spherical aberration exhibited a significant increase postoperatively in the PT group (p<0.001) but remained unchanged in the PTA group (P=0.57).Conclusion: PRK using PT algorithm resulted in an increase higher-order aberrations. PTA algorithm provided better results in terms of postoperative higher-order aberrations and could treat pre-existing higher-order aberrations.

Introduction: Astrocytoma is the most common primary brain tumor, which comprises a wide range of neoplasms with different clinical courses. This study was performed to determine some epidemiological and clinical characteristics and TREATMENT results of patients with astrocytoma. Some presumed prognostic factors were also evaluated.Material and Method: In this descriptive study we evaluated 324 patients with histological proven brain Astrocytoma who were treated in Qaem and Omid hospitals, Mashhad, Between April 1991 and April 2001. Information regarding individual characteristics, age. Sex, clinical presentation, type of TREATMENT and surgery, side effects, imaging finding. Histological grad and follow up were collected.Who classification was used for the uniforming of histological reports. The collected information were analyzcd usin chi-square and Kaplan-Meier tests and and SPSS software.Results: 189 male and 135 female patients entered the study. There were 31 cases with grade I, 118 with grade II, 54 with grade III and 121 cases with grade IV astrocytoma. The median age for low grade and high-grade astrocytomas was 25 and 45 years respectively. The 3-year survival rate for grade I to IV was 94.7%.74.9%, 52.7% and 6.7% respectively.In multivariate analysis, for low grade astrocytomas, grade II, age> 50 and biopsy only and for high grade astrocytomas, grade IV and biopsy only were associated with adverse prognosis.Conclusion: The survival rate for grade I astrocytomas is excellent and for grade II astrocytomas is satisfactory. But high grade astrocytomas especially gelioblastoma multiform, have dismal prognosis. For both low -and high-grade astrocytomas, tumor grade and extent of surgery had significant impact on prognosis. Age over 50 was associated with adverse prognosis for low-grade astrocytomas.

Objectives: The objective of this clinical study was to assess the predicted TREATMENT OUTCOME and actual TREATMENT OUTCOME and compare the models of both the groups so as to evaluate the effi cacy of tooth movement with clear aligner. Methods: The sample size included 10 cases with mild anterior crowding treated with aligner therapy. The predicted software models were superimposed on the Clinical STL models at various stages by using MeshLab software (Developed at the Visual Computing Lab at ISTI-CNR with the support of the 3D-co-form project). The predicted software models showing orthodontic tooth movement was compared with the actual movement achieved clinically. Results: The results of this study have shown that when a comparison was made on the basis of irregularity scores in both the groups, it was seen that the irregularity score was more in Clinical STL group at each stage such as 2. 55 at T4, 1. 65 at T6 and 1. 0 at T8 whereas 2. 0 at T4. 0. 90 at T6 and 0. 25 at T8 in the Software model group. Also, on comparing mean accuracy these three stages, the analysis of data showed the mean accuracy at T4 is 62. 5%, mean accuracy at T6 is 68. 8% and the mean accuracy at T8 is 78. 1%. Conclusions: The predicted software models do not accurately refl ect the patient’ s tooth position. There is an overestimation by predicted software as compared to the actual achieved tooth position. There is a need of overcorrection to be built in the TREATMENT planning stage itself and execution of the anticipated end result.

Background: Talus has unique anatomical, biomechanical and vascular-supply features. Talar neck fracture is not common, but when it happens, would be associated with high complication rate, resulting in significant disability. We would like report our experience with a small group of such fractures.Methods: 11 cases of talar neck fractures who had referred to our center in 3 years period (2002-4) were retrospectively studied. The mean age was 23 years old. There were 9 types II and 2 types III (Hawkins classification). All the cases had undergone open reduction and inertial fixation. The result of TREATMENT was evaluated with a mean follow-up of 17 months.Results: All fractures healed. Varus malunion was observed in two cases, one of whom required repeat surgery, and one with superficial infection. Avascular necrosis of the talar body was seen after the 2 type III and 3 of type II cases. Degenerative arthritis of subtalar joint was evident in 8, and ankle arthritis in 5 patients. Conclusions: Talar neck fractures are associated with high complication rates. Post traumatic arthritis and stiffness are more common, especially in those who develop avascular necrosis. Prompt accurate reduction, rigid fixation and early motion can reduce the complications to some extent.